Pathologies Doctor
The posterolateral (PL) muscle chain
Composition of the posterolateral (PL) muscle chain Main structures of the PL chain Muscles of the chain of the lower limbs: Gluteus medius. External hamstrings (short and long portion of the biceps femoris) Vastus lateralis
The postero-anterior-anterior-posterior (PA AP) muscle chain
Composition of the postero-anterior-anterior-posterior (PA AP) muscle chain: The main chain has 4 muscle groups, each with a specific function: The Sentinel Group of the Vertical Axis: Deep posterior muscles of the spine: Multifids. Inter
The postero-median muscle chain (PM)
Composition of the postero-median muscle chain: The main part consists of the head and trunk muscles, from top to bottom: –Tensed musculo-aponeurotic structures from the occiput to the orbital region. –Semispinatus, longissimus of the head.
Neuropathic pain
Definition of neuropathic pain The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines neuropathic pain as pain related to an injury or disease affecting the somatosensory system. It therefore does not have the same
Pain after posterior lifting of the arm(s)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The pain associated with the posterior arm lift has a neuropathic character and affects the posterior part
Chronic pain after cervical lymph node dissection
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Cervical lymph node dissections can be responsible for neuropathic pain in the neck, face and head: The
Infiltration of the lumbar spine, rhizolysis
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description A few cases of lumbar pain, radiating into the lower limb, with a neuropathic appearance appear after
Obstetric or other epidural
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The realization of an epidural for the childbirth is done by lumbar way in general in L3-L4
Posterior lumbar spine surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Different types of lumbar spine surgery are offered: Endoscopic surgery for herniated disc (minimally invasive surgery). Open
Wound, hematoma, burn in the lumbar region
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Whether wounds, hematomas or burns, the healing phase can cause neuropathic pain. The pain can then extend
Wound, hematoma, chest burn
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Wounds and burns can lead to the formation of cutaneous and subcutaneous fibrous areas responsible for neuropathic
Wound, burn, hematoma of the ankle and/or foot
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Wounds and burns of the ankle and foot give visible scars and behave like surgical scars giving
Foot surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The different foot surgeries correct big toe problems (hallux valgus, hallux rigidus, ingrown toenail), metatarsal pain, Morton’s
Ankle surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The ankle can be operated for disabling osteoarthritis, severe sprains, instability, fracture. The interventions are, depending on
Wound, hematoma, leg burn
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Wounds and burns of the leg give visible scars and behave like surgical scars giving neuropathic pain
Wound, hematoma, knee burn
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Wounds and burns of the knee give visible scars and behave like surgical scars giving neuropathic pain
Bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Some orthopedic surgeries require the implantation of a bone graft. This is taken (often) from the iliac
Wound, hematoma, thigh burn
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Wounds and burns can lead to the formation of cutaneous and subcutaneous fibrous areas responsible for neuropathic
Open femoral artery surgery or angioplasty by femoral approach
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description For open surgery, the incision depends on the part of the artery to be treated: For angioplasties
Varicose vein surgeries
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Anatomical reminder: The internal and external saphenous veins allow the venous return of the lower limb for approximately
Femur surgery (particularly fracture)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Femur surgery is basically a femoral shaft fracture treatment surgery. The type of intervention depends on the
Hip surgery (prosthesis, abutment, etc.)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description There are two main approaches in hip surgery: a lateral approach and an anterior approach. Each of
Pudendal nerve surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description There are different surgical approaches to free the pudendal nerve in its entirety: The transgluteal pathway or
Testicular surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Testicular surgery is generally done by 3 types first: We will take advantage of this chapter to
Urinary incontinence surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Surgical technique Use in case of failure of perineal and sphincter rehabilitation. Several surgical techniques have been
Promontofixation for cure of cystocele and/or rectocele
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description The main painful complications of this surgery partly resemble the pain found in the article on pain
Episiotomy, bartholinitis
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The surgical approaches to these two procedures are vulvar for bartholinitis +/- perineal for episiotomy. We will
Wound, hematoma, abdominal burn
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Whether wounds, hematomas or burns, the healing phase can cause neuropathic pain. The pain can then extend
Abdominoplasty surgery, surgical liposuction
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Like all surgeries, cosmetic surgery can be responsible for chronic pain. Abdominal liposuction rarely gives pain but
Pubalgia surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Surgical technique The approach is located above the inguinal ligament Induced pain: The neuropathic pain induced by
Open or laparoscopic or robotic prostate surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Open prostate surgery is done through a horizontal or vertical incision: Laparoscopic surgery is done by 5
Gynecological surgery by laparoscopy
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Like all laparoscopies, surgical trocar routes can be responsible for neuropathic pain. In gynecological surgery, most routes
Open gynecological surgery or caesarean section
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description This surgery is performed by a more or less wide horizontal suprapubic incision (in green). It can
Open or laparoscopic inguinal hernia surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description This surgery is responsible for neuropathic pain in the territory of 3 different nerves of D12-L1-L2 origin.
Anterior lumbar spine surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description This approach allows direct work on the vertebral body and the disc. It is responsible for certain
Abdominal aorta, iliac and femoral artery surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description There are different approaches to perform abdominal aortic surgery: Peritoneal approaches: Extraperitoneal approaches: Chronic postoperative pain of
Kidney or ureteral or adrenal surgery by laparoscopic route
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Laparoscopic retroperitoneal surgery is done through lateral incisions between the ribs above and the iliac crest below.
Open renal, ureteral or adrenal surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Open retroperitoneal surgery is performed by a horizontal and lateral incision between the ribs above and the
Laparoscopic abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, spleen, etc.)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Like all laparoscopies, surgical trocar routes can be responsible for neuropathic pain. In abdominal surgery, the paths
Open abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, spleen)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Open abdominal surgery includes different routes dictated by the underlying surgery to be performed. The neuropathic pains
Hand surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Hand surgery has two major components: Reconstructive surgery: wound, section, carpal or finger fracture, serious sprain of
Wrist surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Wrist surgery includes: Tendon and nerve repair surgery Treatment of wrist fractures Wrist or carpal osteoarthritis surgery
Post vaccination pain
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The most common injection site is laterally on the deltoid on the non-dominant side. Secondly especially in
Pain after contraceptive implant removal
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Contraceptive implants are generally positioned subcutaneously on the medial aspect of the non-dominant arm. sometimes their removal
Elbow surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Elbow surgery includes different types of intervention (fewer than on other joints): Arthrolysis of the elbow Consists
Shoulder, collarbone, thoraco-brachial outlet surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Shoulder surgery includes acts performed by arthroscopy (treatment of rotator cuff and acromioclavicular joint pathologies), open surgery
Locoregional anesthesia by infraclavicular approach
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description The neuropathic pains linked to the realization of this anesthesia are distributed around the puncture point towards
Placement of a central venous line by a subclavian access
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description 3 approaches to the central venous network are possible, the puncture area can be the source of
Placement or removal of an implantable port (SIEV)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description 3 approaches to the central venous network are possible, the puncture area can be the cause of
Thoracic aortic surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Two surgical approaches are described, isolated or associated: Sternotomy surgery Post-sternotomy scarring neuropathies can be located on
Breast surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Breast surgery is limited to operations on a tumor resulting in partial or complete removal of the
Pulmonary surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Lung surgery can be performed: by open surgery (thoracotomy) with a wide incision allowing a passage between
Cardiac or mediastinal surgery by sternotomy
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Post-sternotomy scarring neuropathies can be located on the median part but can also affect the anterior chest
Stubborn constipation of scarring origin
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description After having seen many patients, it seems that, in some of them, the scars located in the
Chronic pain after loco-regional anesthesia of the brachial plexus by cervical approach (BIS, echoguided)
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Used most of the time for shoulder surgery, this anesthesia technique can contribute to chronic pain such
Chronic pain after placement of central approach by jugular approach
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The central routes via the jugular route are set up in certain major surgeries, resuscitation and the
Chronic pain after carotid surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description The usual incision for this surgery is through an opening 7/8 cm in front of the sterno-cleido-mastoid
Chronic pain after parotid surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Apart from the classic description of damage to the facial nerve (VII) from parotid surgery (first green
Chronic pain after thyroid or parathyroid surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description These surgeries can cause pain: Neuropathic on the anterior part of the neck with upward and/or downward
Chronic pain after cervical spine surgery by posterior approach
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description Cervical spine surgery via the posterior approach is performed through a vertical posterior incision on the middle
Chronic pain from hematoma of the scalp, forehead
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies Description After many clinical observations, some patients who have had head and neck trauma with hematomas present with
Chronic wound pain of scalp and forehead
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description All wounds of the face, neck or scalp, especially when they are sutured, are likely to give
Chronic pain related to intraoperative head fixation system for cerebral or cervical surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description Some cerebral or cervical surgeries first require the fixation of the head which, to be rigorous, requires
Chronic pain after stereotactic brain surgery
Reminder Explain chronic pain Cicatricial neuropathies Associated myofascial syndromes that modify the clinical symptoms of cicatricial neuropathies. Description This surgery first requires the fixation of the head which, to be rigorous, requires the use of
Lumbar pain of scar origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of lumbar pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Lumbar spine surgery: anteriorly by posterior approach Open abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas,
Posterior chest pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of anterior chest pain of scarring origin are (not exhaustive) Pulmonary surgery Dorsal spine surgery by: Lateral approach (the pain is the same as
Posterior neck pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. These pains are neuropathic pains. The causes of posterior neck pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Brain surgery: Open surgery (trephination) Stereotaxic surgery Intraoperative head fixation
Posterior pain of the head of scar origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of posterior pain of the head of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Brain surgery: Open surgery (trephination) Stereotaxic surgery Intraoperative head fixation system Chronic wound
Scarred ankle and foot pain
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. Causes of ankle and foot pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Knee surgery (prosthesis, arthroscopy, etc.) Wound, burn, hematoma of the knee Wound, burn, hematoma of
Scarred leg pain
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of scarred leg pain are (non-exhaustive): Knee surgery (prosthesis, arthroscopy, etc.) Wound, burn, hematoma of the knee Wound, burn, hematoma of the leg Varicose
Thigh, knee and leg pain caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of scarred thigh pain are (non-exhaustive): Hip surgery (prosthesis, abutment, etc.) Femur surgery (particularly fracture) Open femoral artery surgery or angioplasty by femoral approach
Thigh pain caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of scarred thigh pain are (non-exhaustive): Open abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, spleen, etc.) Open renal, ureteral or adrenal surgery
Lower abdominal, pelvic and root of thigh pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of abdominal pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Open abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, spleen, etc.) Open renal, ureteral or
Abdominal pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of abdominal pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Open abdominal surgery (Stomach, small intestine, colon, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, spleen, etc.) Open renal, ureteral or
Pain in the wrist and hand caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of pain in the elbow and forearm of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Cervical spine surgery by posterior approach Cervical surgery by anterior approach Shoulder,
Forearm pain caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of pain in the elbow and forearm of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Cervical spine surgery by posterior approach Cervical surgery by anterior approach Shoulder,
Pain in the arm, elbow and forearm caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of pain in the elbow and forearm of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Cervical spine surgery by posterior approach Cervical surgery by anterior approach Shoulder,
Shoulder and arm pain caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of shoulder and arm pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Shoulder, collarbone, thoraco-brachial outlet surgery Cervical spine surgery by posterior approach Cervical spine surgery
Anterior chest pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. Causes of anterior chest pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Cardiac or mediastinal surgery by sternotomy Pulmonary surgery Dorsal spine surgery by: Lateral approach (the pain
Anterior neck pain of scarring origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of anterior cervical pain of scarring origin are (non-exhaustive): Cervical spine surgery: Anterior approach Intraoperative head fixation system Thyroid and parathyroid surgery Cervical lymph
Facial pain caused by scarring
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of anterior headaches of cicatricial origin are (non-exhaustive): Brain surgery: Open surgery (trephination) Stereotaxic surgery Intraoperative head fixation system Scalp and forehead wound Scalp
Anterior head pain of scar origin
We will first recall the notion of cicatricial neuropathy. The causes of anterior headaches of cicatricial origin are (non-exhaustive): Brain surgery: Open surgery (trephination) Stereotaxic surgery (doctor) Intraoperative head fixation system Scalp and forehead wound
Guide to chronic scarring or post-traumatic pain
Definition of scarring or post-traumatic pain The guide to scarring pain references all neuropathic-type pain found after surgery, trauma (hematoma, sprain, dislocations), burns, medical procedures (infiltrations, drug injections, vaccines, manipulations ). Symptoms are described in
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Pathophysiology. Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a tunnel syndrome characterized by compression of the posterior tibial nerve and/or its distal terminal branches by the internal annular ligament. The posterior tibial nerve gives, in the retro-malleolar region,
Suprascapular nerve syndrome
Anatomical reminder The suprascapular nerve detaches from the upper primary trunk of the brachial plexus. It contains C5 C6 fibers. It passes through the coracoid notch (1) under the coracoid ligament (in green) then at
Ulnar canal syndrome at the elbow
Anatomical reminder 1- Radial nerve 2- vessels 3-Median nerve 4- Brachialis muscle 5- Humerus 6-Ulnar nerve 7- Olecranon The ulnar nerve travels in the epitrochleo-olecranon groove on the inner side of the elbow. It relates
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Anatomical reminder Carpal tunnel syndrome is linked to compression of the median nerve in the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow tunnel formed posteriorly by the carpal bones and anteriorly by the anterior annular
Posterior forearm pain
Here is the list of muscles potentially responsible for these pains, a link can be selected for more details on a particular muscle: Scalene muscles (small scalene) Infraspinatus muscle Teres major muscle Coracobrachialis muscle Triceps
Serratus Anterior Myofascial Syndrome
Anatomical reminder Description It is made up of 3 groups of fibres: At the top, muscle fibers insert on the first rib and join behind the scapula. Intermediate, groups of fibers are inserted on the
Cicatricial neuropathy
A new concept: Cicatricial neuropathy. The most misunderstood and yet the most frequent of the neuropathies responsible for neuropathic pain. Indeed, a recent study carried out by a Parisian pain center finds an incidence between
Myofascial syndrome of the posterior leg muscles ABONNE LIBRE
Anatomical reminder From the surface to the depth we find: –The gastrocnemius muscle composed of two heads, medial and lateral (former internal and external twin). It is inserted, proximally, on the posterior distal end of
Myofascial trapezius syndrome
Anatomical reminder The trapezius muscle consists of 3 parts: upper, middle and lower. The anatomical insertions of the two trapezius form a diamond extending from the occiput to the T12 vertebra. Laterally, it attaches to
Peripheral nerves
Nerves are formed by the axons of nerve cells (the axon is an extension of the nerve cell). These axons are or are not surrounded by myelin sheath from other cells: Schawnn cells. Anatomy: A